Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Business Ethics - Essay Example Utilitarianism theory states that an action is ethically right on the basis that it encourages the best consequences. Accounting on the Mackenzie VS Miller Brewing Company with consideration of the utilitarianism theory, Smith, the supervisor of Mackenzie can be spared the convictions because his action of assuring Mackenzie that his salary and grade status level 14 would not be affected was esteemed to promote the best consequences. Smith’s assurance to Mackenzie meant to avert the plaintiff any stress and unrest. Thus, Smith in this case should not be convicted on the grounds of intentional misrepresentation. Best on other hand, was eligible to be convicted on the grounds of intentional misrepresentation and torturous interference with prospective contract because her accusation of Mackenzie was not meant to promote best consequences. In that case, it was therefore right to award the plaintiff compensatory damage, as the claims were sensitive to continuation of Mackenzie’s services and punitive damage to bring to an end such false and intentional misrepresentation. Viewing the case from deontogical theory angle, which consider an as action as right only if it accords to the moral principles and norms, Best’s accusation against Mackenzie was questionable considering the fact that Mackenzie had not express any sexual intentions in his speech. Thus Best’s verdict against Mackenzie equals tom intentional misrepresentation, which worth the bail of punitive damage against Best. Smith on the other hand and with consideration to the deontological theory, responded to Mackenzie out of good faith just to ensure that Mackenzie’s emotional uprightness is maintained. Therefore, he was not eligible to any fines for the upheld the moral principles of business. Miller on the other extreme, as can be viewed from deontological theory deserved the conviction and the bails altogether. His actions against Mackenzie with regard to the

Monday, October 28, 2019

The Delian League Essay Example for Free

The Delian League Essay Explain the methods used by the Athenians to transform the Delian League into the Athenian Empire. (25 marks) There is certainty no evidence to suggest that the Athenians had any long-term plans, in the years 479-470 BC, to change the Delian League into an empire, although from the beginning the potential to develop into an imperial power were there. Because from the beginning, Athens had considerable power as she was the permanent hegemon. The most important aspects involving the transformation of League into empire was the changing relationships between Athens and her allies, Pericles? mperial policy, Athens selsh self interest in gaining more power by using the Leagu   power and establishing laws onto her allies such as the Coinage Degree and the Chalcis Degree. These aspects had portrayed Athens? gradual alteration of the Delian League into an imperial power. Originally the Delian League was formed as an alliance of free and equal states. At there were only two types of members of the League; those contributing ships (larger states) and those contributing money. But over time when Persian threat were no longer in sight, allied states started to leave the League. Athens then force the allies back into the League as tribute paying subject allies. This caused these states to pay tribute with nothing in return and lost their autonomy. The event with Naxos, as they were the ? rst to leave, was a warning to other ally states of the consequences of breaking the oath of the alliance. Additionally, the use of the League? s power to reduce the state Thasos to subject status because of a personal quarrel with Athens, indicated a change in the nature of the League. And by 446-445 BC, there is no longer any doubt or pretence about Athens? imperial position. Although in the beginning, the Athenians did not aim for an empire, these events did however, depicts the starting point of the transformation of League into an imperial power. Furthermore, the boost of the deteriorating relationship between Athens and her allies can be seen between 450-446, when Athens launched a system of cleruchies, which were settlements of Athenian citizens on con? scated land of subject allied states. The establishments of cleruchies had cause much resentment from other Greek states towards Athens. According to Plutarch, this system had relieve â€Å"the city of a large number of idlers and agitators and raise the standards of the poorest classes†, but at the same time it implanted amongst the allies â€Å"a healthy fear of rebellion†. It also allowed Athens to gain more numbers of hoplites, as only Athenian men with money can become a hoplite soldier. This had increased the military force in Athens and had strengthened Athens? old on her empire, as they were located at strategic points in the Aegean. The worsening relationship between Athens? and her allies in the League is due to Athens? sel? sh self interest in developing her imperial power, and this had allow Athens to gradually grow into an empire. This sel? sh self interest can be seen after the Peace of Callias. At the aim of the League was, according to Thucydides, ? to compensate themselves for their losses by ravaging the territory of the King of Persia? but in 449 BC Persian lost the battle against Cimon in Cyprus and signed a peace treaty called   Peace of Callias. Although this meant that the League? s aim had been fullled, the Athenians argued that the Persians would strike again if the Greeks appeared weak. This argument from Athens had an underlying aim, that was so the Greeks states would not leave the League, or else Athens would lose its? power as hegemon and to continue to pay tribute to the League, or in a more accurate sense, to Athens. Athens? gradual sense of alteration of League to empire is also seen in Pericles? imperial policy. The end of the war with Persia and the 5 year truce with Sparta confronted Pericles with a major problem. Thousands of soldiers and sailors, previously away on summer campaigns and supported by League funds, were now unemployed. He used the Temples on the Acropolis that had been in ruins since the second Persian invasion as a way to deal with all the unemployments. However this required funds. Pericles then called on a Panhellenic conference of all Greek states of the mainland and the Aegean to discuss the rebuilding of all temples destroyed by the Persians and the security of the Aegean sea as an underlying intention to get support for the rebuilding of Athens? temples and for the recognition of the Athenian navy as protector of the Aegean. This excuse used by Pericles was to force the allies to continue their contributions in order to further his policies of carrying out a building program, developing democracy, and maintaining Athenian forces over a wide area. Plutarch records how Pericles? enemies, denounced his actions as â€Å"barefooted tyranny†. Pericles replied that â€Å"the Athenians were not obliged to give an account of how the allies? money was spent†, and as long as Athens provided the services paid for, she could use the surplus any way she wished. Therefore, the tribute from allies was not used for the Delian League, but to be used for Athens? interest in building up their city. By passing out laws, it had restricted Athens? allies of their freedom by obliging to Athens? rule. This is seen when Athens had passed out a Coinage Decree in 450-446 BC, enforcing uniformity of coinage, weights and measures among the members of the League. This measures had made trade much easier to handle, it was a further example of the allies? loss of freedom. Furthermore, the Chalcis Decree, issued after the Euboean cities revolted, required the inhabitants to take an oath â€Å"not to revolt against the Athenian demos† and â€Å"to be obedient to the Athenian demos†, which revealed no doubt that the original members of the League were now very much subjects of an imperial power. In conclusion, Athens? gradual transformation of the Delian League into the Athenian Empire can be seen in the deterioration of her relationship with her allies due to her arrogant actions on bene? ting her own interests, Pericles? imperial policy which further his policies of carrying out a building program, developing democracy, and maintaining Athenian forces over a wide area, but also the establishing of laws onto her allies such as the Coinage Degree and the Chalcis Degree. There is no evidence to say that the Athenians had any long-term plan in turning the League into an Empire, but according to Thucydides, Athens had â€Å"three very powerful motives security, honour and self-interest†, which were the reasons why the Athenians took control of an empire. These events and actions by Athens had led the Delian League, which was once an alliance of free and equal states, into a tyrannical imperial power known as the Athenian Empire.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Prosthetic Limbs : Past, Present, and Future Essay -- Prosthetics Arti

Prosthetic Limbs: Past, Present, and Future Abstract: The purpose of my research paper is to discover how artificial limbs work in conjunction with the human body, which plastics are used in prosthetic limbs, and if there are any better possible plastics out there that can be used. The 1.9 million people in America who have lost limbs find it hard to pay for them, since they’re very expensive, so I looked into materials used, which are currently plastics such as polypropylene and carbon fibers. However, there are still some problems such as slow reaction time so manufacturers and laboratories are looking into alternate solutions such as carbon nanotubes and microchips. Research is expensive though, so I do not see the cost of prosthetic limbs going down anytime soon. With the cost of everything going up, the price of artificial limbs are going up as well, some even reaching $100,000 just for an arm or leg, preventing many people from getting one, even though it may be necessary to continue their job and normal life (New Life and Limbs). Imagine you were a soldier in the Iraq War. There are about six hundred soldiers who lose limbs from the war, which are costly to replace (War Fuels Prosthetics). After serving your country you would have to come home with your life completely changed, especially if you don’t have enough money to pay for a new limb. By looking at how artificial limbs work with the body and which plastics are used, I will try to see if there are new plastics which can reduce the cost and make artificial limbs available to more people around the world. Although there are only 600 soldiers from the Iraq war who have come home with lost limbs and needed to have them replaced, other ... ...t-is-polypropylene.htm>. Newton's Apple. "Prosthetic Limbs." Reach Out Michigan. Fall 2007. National Science Teachers Association. 27 July 2008 newton/prosthetic05.html>. Ossur Prosthetics. "Prosthetics by Ossur." Ossur. 14 Aug. 2007. Ossur. 28 July 2008 . Patel-Predd, Prachi. "Sensitive Synthetic Skin in the Works for Prosthetic Arms." Ieee Spectrum Online. 4 Jan. 2008. 29 July 2008 . Singer, Neal. "Prosthetic Limb to be Controlled by Microchip." Sandia. Sandia National Laboratories. 29 July 2008 . The Associated Press. "New life and limbs for Iraq war amputees." MSNBC Health News. 8 Mar. 2004. MSNBC. 27 July 2008 .

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Computers in Medicine :: Medical Technology Technological papers

Computers in Medicine In today’s society, there is a wide range of computer use. Almost every where you go today you are required to have some sort of basic understanding of how a computer is operated. In my report, I am going to tell you how computers are use in the field of medicine. There is a wide variety of use and need for a computer in the medical field. Some of the main points I will be discussing is why Health Care Professionals use computers, where computers are used in the Health System, while giving you some insight on computers in the medical field in which you may not have thought of. Computers are used by Health Care Professionals because they can help increase the productivity. This allows a health care facility to keep computerized medical records. With the programs, out there today this allows the physician to analyze a patient’s data statistically and mathematically. This leads to the use of multimedia patient records. A multimedia file is an image, text file, a video clip, and audio file: anything that can be displayed or played on your monitor or speakers. An example of this would be: A cardiologist can scan a patient’s EKG strip and attach the image to the patients record for future reference. By being able to store your patients data on a hard drive this will cut down on the amount of papers around the office, and the number of staff members a physician may need to hire. By having, a patient’s file stored in your computer memory could dramatically cut down the time it takes a physician to locate the necessary information needed for a particular patient. Not only can computers be beneficial to cutting down on the amount of work, it could also open the lines of communication between the patient and physician. If a physician begins to utilize e-mail, this could increase the amount of communication with patients. This could be beneficial to his/her practice. A computer is used in a wide variety of places throughout the Health Care System: Clerical stations for reports, memos, patients records, billing, statistics, insurance claims, charting and research graphics; Nursing stations for reports, patients records, hospital information systems; Medical instruments for patients monitors, medication delivery systems, and lab equipment. In Medical education, computers are used for Computer Aided Instructions, Computer Managed Instruction and Interactive Multi-media systems, and there are many more uses of the computer evolving such as, for diagnosis, research, Publication retrieval (National Library of

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Causes of American Divorce Essay

For the last decade, the issue of American divorce has increased dramatically. A significant change in economical, psychological and emotional mind set could be the explanation of why so many American are ending their relationship in divorce. Issues such as, not having enough financial stability, lack of communication and lack of commitment, in other words infidelity, could provide an explanation to society of why divorce has increased throughout the years. The first cause of divorce may be because of not having enough financial stability from one of the spouses or both. The quote, â€Å"Money is the root of all evil,† may be true, especially when it comes to American marriages. Although, instead, the quote should say â€Å"Money is the root to all reasons marriages fail.† Money may not be the only reason it fails but could be one of the reasons. An example of this could be, if a spouse is paying for necessity based things, such as, bills and food and the other spends too much on things that are useless, this could become a problem, especially when children are involved. Most married couples tend to forget that when they say their marriage vows, there is an important line that pertains to money and that is, â€Å"Til debt do us part.† Relationships sometimes begin and the spouse may not know the financial difficulties one may be having. This could cause a problem when the couples try to buy a house or a car. Frustra tion could come upon them and eventually end the marriage due to the arguments. However, financial problems might not be the only cause of divorce. The second cause of American marriages ending in divorce could be, lack of communication. Most couples tend to stay fairly busy with work or college and don’t get a large amount of time to talk about issues one may be facing with the other, for fear that an argument may happen. However, not talking about the issues could become a problem. For example, the spouse may do something the other doesn’t like and if it keeps happening, the petty problem could cause an outrage to spark and since they were unable to solve the problem before because of lack of communication it could lead to the marriage possibly failing. The quote, â€Å"Love is communication, so the bottom line is; a lack of communication is a lack of love,† could be true for most marriages because not talking could cause separation between the spouses. The third cause of American divorce could be lack of commitment or infidelity. Infidelity is the act of unfaithfulness to a person. This could be the number one cause of marriage failure. For example, a spouse may not be into the sexual arousal game as the other spouse is. This could then lead to the spouse engaging in sexual activity with someone other than the person they married to. Sexual desire is not the only form of infidelity. Lust may be consider as adultery as well. A spouse may begin to have fantasies of being with someone else or an intense desire of love toward a person. To conclude, the three possible reasons American marriages fail could be because of financial issues, lack of communication and lack of commitment or infidelity. The numbers are becoming dramatically alarming. To stop this problem from happening marriages should build their relationship on a strong foundation and beware of rushing into things before talking about. Communication should be an important matter in any relationship.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Free Essays on The Lion In Love

The Lion in Love is a fable about a lion that falls in love with a woodcutter’s daughter. The lion demanded the daughter in marriage but her father would not grant his request. The daughter was fearfully afraid of his claws and teeth, and after serious consideration, the fathers’ willingness to accept the Lion as a suitor of his daughter under one condition, that he would allow him to extract his defenses, such as his teeth, and cut off his claws. The lion assented to the fathers’ proposal. When the toothless and clawless lion returned to repeat his request to marry his daughter, the woodcutter, no longer fearing the lion, sat upon him with his club and drove him into the forest. This fable represents the good and evil in the world. The lion only wanting to marry his daughter out of love and father only wanting him to give up his defenses so he could never fear him again shows that out of something good comes evil. The morals of the story is to never resign to your own defenses; love can blind even the wildest; and an extravagant love consults neither life, fortune, nor reputation, but sacrifices all that can be dear to a man of sense and honor, to the transports of an inconsiderate passion. The ideology of this fable is that when you give up your defenses and who you are you lose a part of you. If you have to give up your dignity and honor of who you are for someone you love then you should not be with that person. I think in today’s society some people change who they are to make the person they want to be with happy. If it takes changing who you are to make someone else happy, I believe you don’t even need to be with that person. If a person is not happy with whom you are then they do not need to be with you. In this fable, the lion gives up his defenses in order to marry the woodcutter’s daughter, but in the end it never changed anything except the fact that he lost who he was, and yet he still did not... Free Essays on The Lion In Love Free Essays on The Lion In Love The Lion in Love is a fable about a lion that falls in love with a woodcutter’s daughter. The lion demanded the daughter in marriage but her father would not grant his request. The daughter was fearfully afraid of his claws and teeth, and after serious consideration, the fathers’ willingness to accept the Lion as a suitor of his daughter under one condition, that he would allow him to extract his defenses, such as his teeth, and cut off his claws. The lion assented to the fathers’ proposal. When the toothless and clawless lion returned to repeat his request to marry his daughter, the woodcutter, no longer fearing the lion, sat upon him with his club and drove him into the forest. This fable represents the good and evil in the world. The lion only wanting to marry his daughter out of love and father only wanting him to give up his defenses so he could never fear him again shows that out of something good comes evil. The morals of the story is to never resign to your own defenses; love can blind even the wildest; and an extravagant love consults neither life, fortune, nor reputation, but sacrifices all that can be dear to a man of sense and honor, to the transports of an inconsiderate passion. The ideology of this fable is that when you give up your defenses and who you are you lose a part of you. If you have to give up your dignity and honor of who you are for someone you love then you should not be with that person. I think in today’s society some people change who they are to make the person they want to be with happy. If it takes changing who you are to make someone else happy, I believe you don’t even need to be with that person. If a person is not happy with whom you are then they do not need to be with you. In this fable, the lion gives up his defenses in order to marry the woodcutter’s daughter, but in the end it never changed anything except the fact that he lost who he was, and yet he still did not...

Monday, October 21, 2019

3 Stages of Computer Science Research Paper Writing 3 Tricks to Use

3 Stages of Computer Science Research Paper Writing 3 Tricks to Use Everything starts with†¦ a dream? Many people believe that everything starts with the science – knowledge about the world based on examining, testing, and proving the facts. It is worth to state that in the mid- to late-19th century, everything started to conform to computer science. Today, a career in the field of computer science is worthwhile and gainful for any young enthusiastic scientist. Is it your dream to become highly competent in Computer Science? So, be ready to work hard not only on programming languages, scientific computing or software engineering, but also in academic writing. Many research papers are expected of students to be prepared during a term. Have already felt the pressure of academic works? This guide is to simplify the paper writing process so that more time will be found for the other activities on Computer Science like programming a useful app. 3 Stages of Successful Research Paper Writing You should treat research paper writing as an activity that takes considerable time and efforts. It cannot be a one-step affair – just take a pen or a keyboard to create a research paper. The basic rule of any type of writing, including research paper writing, is to know what you are going to write BEFORE you start writing and go over your writing a few times AFTER you finish writing. Let’s divide the writing process into 3 distinct stages: prewriting, writing, and post-writing. It is important for any writer to work through each of these stages in order to ensure that a polished, complete piece of writing is produced. Prewriting is a process when you get prepared for writing itself. It doesn’t mean that you don’t need to write at all at this stage. You can be engaged in taking notes while gathering information for your research. For example, you can research in the library or on the Internet. Besides the researching process, this stage involves thinking (here you are better to have strong critical and analytical thinking skills), brainstorming, outlining, and so on. In other words, you are involved in generating some research ideas. However, this activity occurs throughout the writing process, so be open to new discoveries. Writing is a process when you have enough knowledge and data to write a research paper. Here is a stage where you need to connect your idea into sentences and even logically complete paragraphs. Don’t neglect drafting at this stage. You can’t get the content of your research paper on Computer Science out of your head and down on paper as a neat-book. You should have a rough draft before completing a paper. Otherwise, you risk losing essential marks on the poorly-written/ organized papers. Don’t risk in such a way. Tell yourself what you know and think about a research topic, then present it to your readers fully. Post-writing is a process when you refine your research paper. When you see that everything you want to cover on a topic is mentioned in your research paper, it is time to revise the entire paper by checking it for mistakes in grammar, sentence structure, spelling or punctuation. Your task is to make each sentence and paragraph as concise and accurate as possible. 3 Prewriting Tips for Your Research Paper It may be very difficult to get started with research paper writing. ‘Today, I have headache attack’, â€Å"Tomorrow, I’ll need to come to a birthday party† are typical flimsy denials from doing a research paper. However, there are real serious obstacles in starting to write a research paper. For example, you simply have no idea about WHAT you need to research. Exactly at the prewriting stage, you should foresee what you want your final research paper on Computer Science to look like. Let’s base on the experience of David J. Malan, Gordon McKay Professor of the Practice of Computer Science from Harvard University. Define the research area of Computer Science and a relevant topic for it. The given subject combines many other fields in which different research areas are open for your paper. Find a narrow angle from which you will develop your research paper. Make sure you are aware of any specific requirements you may have from your instructors – any study limitations or methods. Analyze all possible information sources if needed to make the right decision concerning a topic. It should correspond to 3 important points when selecting it. Budget your time needed to write a computer science research paper. Remember that even a college essay 1000 words long may take a few days to properly complete. So, it isn’t a good idea to postpone research paper writing to the last minute! According to the guide for effective time management, it is possible to control procrastination if you plan when you will do a specific research task, for example, to do a literature review. Brainstorm any ideas and thoughts for your computer science research paper. If you think that the idea to discuss the SQL schema is relevant to your research, come up with it in an outline. Truth be told, having an outline in front of your eyes allows you to brainstorm much more quickly. Arrange your preliminary ideas in an outline with a logical order. It should suit the common paper structure: introduction, body (literature review, methodology, results, discussion), and ending. Put ideas in sub-groups accordingly to develop them into paragraphs in every section. Trick #1. ‘How to avoid plagiarism in my research paper on Computer Science?’ Despite the fact that most of your research paper should be written in your own words, you may use someone’s words or ideas. When using sources in your research papers, you can avoid plagiarism by placing those words and ideas within quotation marks and crediting the information source in the reference list. Remember that you don’t need to cite a source when common knowledge is given, What belongs to common knowledge in Computer Science? For example, the fact that Alan Turing (1912–1954) was one of the early founders of the field (his famous paper is entitled ‘On Computable Numbers with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem’ is in the public domain. Usually, this knowledge is found in reference works, like Encyclopedia.com or any other one. Besides, you can find some field-specific common knowledge, like 10 facts about Computer Science to know. 6 Computer Science Research Paper Writing Tips from Our Academic Writers Well, you’ve arrived at the most important stage of writing – the stage when you should note everything that you plan. But how to do it effectively? Remember the following points concerning every part of your research paper: The introduction is a part where you’re expected to discuss the basic ideas that you are going to explore in your research paper. Make it quite informative and direct in the following way: A literature review is a part that discusses published information in Computer Science. As you deal with a particular subject area, you need to write a summary and synthesis of the sources concerning your research topic. In other words, show how your topic is interpreted by the other researchers. A methodology chapter is devoted to the methods that help you investigate a research problem. Readers need to know how your research findings are obtained for better understanding the problem. The results section is a place where you’re required to report the findings of your research. It is better to use a systematic approach to the description of your results. Start highlighting the observations that are most relevant to the topic under consideration. The discussion is a part that is aimed at interpreting and describing the significance of your findings. You can compare and contrast the findings of previous studies to support the overall importance of your results. The conclusion is a part that summaries the main ideas covered. Additionally, you can provide some recommendations for new areas for future researches in the given field of study. Trick #2. ‘How to create an informative title for my research paper?’ Making up a title is a really difficult task, especially when it’s a research paper that you are going to working on. Besides you and your professor, there are many people who would like to read your paper. So, how to attract their attention to your research? Specify the type of your research in the title and include the key terms of your topic. Remember that the readers should know what they take in hand after looking at the paper title. If they meet vague terms, they are unlikely to catch the main idea of your research, whether you were trying to analyze or describe. Be as precise as possible in your title ideas. Some topics on Computer Science are as follows: Home-based Virtual Reality Systems: An Overview of System Software and Application Software; Networking Protocols Description: What Are Packet Switching Techniques Used?; An Analysis of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks and Their Performance; Software Sizing: 3 Approaches of Component-Based Software System: What Is Requirements Engineering?; Artificial Intelligence: A Sentiment Analysis, Automated Reasoning and QA Systems; Is a Natural Language Knowledge Representation Independent/Semi-Independent?; Design and Implementation of Web Services for Information Systems; 5 NoSQL Database Schemas: An Evaluation of Its Significance. 3 Post-Writing Tips for Your Research Paper No academic paper should be submitted without looking through it at least once! Twice is even better. You should devote all your efforts that are left or can be found in a day or two to prevent any embarrassing mistakes (such as spelling mistakes, or mistakes in word choice). When you revise a research paper, you’re able to evaluate its content. Make sure you actually have what you intended in the prewriting stage. Trick #3. ‘How to revise a research paper on my own?’ If you don’t trust anyone your work, you should do proofread it on your own like a pro. Go through the following checklist when revising: Did I actually write on the required topic?; Is there enough or too much evidence supporting a topic? Are paragraphs and sentences logically related to each other? Don’t I repeat the same ideas several times? In addition to the above mentioned, you should pay attention to word order in sentences (in the academic English language, the direct word order is used – Subject → Verb → Object), verb tenses rules (usually, (Present Simple or Present Perfect tenses are used in the academic field), etc. If you doubt in any issue, rely on a real professional in proofreading than to struggle with it alone. For the better results in proofreading and editing your research paper, you should: Set your paper aside between the writing and proofreading processes. Spend a day without even looking at your paper. But it doesn’t mean that you should wait until the last minute to revise your research paper. Evaluate the overall content of your paper. Don’t correct immediately after you read a sentence or two ones. Sometimes, it happens you read a part of a sentence, start to rearrange it. However, when you read to the end, you realize the whole structure. Focus on what you need to look for. You should identify common mistakes often made by you or your groupmates. For example, if you know that the usage of articles is your weakness, look closer at the cases of their usage in your work. It is always easier to speak about the writing process on research papers than to do it. Right? But there some researchers who achieve a lot on Computer Science by having written readable research papers that are included in top 10 research papers on Computer Science by Mendeley readership. At least, after reading our computer science research paper guide, you can look at the great papers and create your own research paper on Computer Science so that the others similar to you will read it. Good luck!

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Pequots and Indians essays

Pequots and Indians essays The war between the Puritans and the Pequot Indians was one of the most striking events in the history of New England, deserving more attention than praised. Whether it was the Puritans simple aggression or the Pequots retaliation, the war of 1637 between the Puritans and Pequots resulted in the rapid English colonization and extermination of the most powerful tribe in New England. Although the Pequots were only trying to defend and fight for their lands, their aggression and reputation for brutality was a factor of the war. Pequots the Algonquin word for destroyers of men, was the name they were given for their reputation of unfriendliness and violence. Between neighboring Indian tribes such as the Narragansetts, the Pequots were unable to keep peace, which resulted in warfare. Another element leading to the cause of war was the Pequots assassination of Captain John Stone and eight other Englishmen. In return the English craved revenge for the murders, but through negotiations they were able to pardon and sign a treaty. But all peace was corrupted when John Oldham brought his trading ship into the Pequot area, early that spring and realized the Pequots could not comply with the treaty. Later that summer, John Gallop found the body of John Oldham massacred on his ship. But not all factors of the war point fingers toward the Pequots. The harshness of the Endicott expedition contributes to the breakout of the war. Seeking revenge for the death of John Oldham, who the Pequots murdered in the summer of 1636, the Puritans established the Endicott expedition. As a result of the expedition many Pequots were murdered and wounded, and Pequot territory was destroyed and looted. The attack that the Puritans so easily spread on the Pequots could have easily resulted in retribution, but the tribe would not persist on reprisal. With back and forth upbringings of revenge and retaliation, the wa...

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Auditing in business world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Auditing in business world - Essay Example This paper aims to discuss whether it is just to involve or blame the auditors for companies' failures or bankruptcies or even fraudulent activities. Are auditors really part of the blame-game or is the public just reacting on what they perceive as the auditor's failure to see and to report these bankruptcies and fraudulent activities' Is there really a gap on what the public expects auditors to do and to report and what the auditors are really tasked to do' According to Robert K. Elliot (1998), the purpose of the audit is to provide assurance that the investors and the stakeholders can rely on the information presented by management in the company's financial statements and that they are not taking on undue financial risk when they invest in such a company. The auditors' report, the ultimate output of the external auditor, is meant to communicate the various claims of the auditors. These claims are: that the auditors have complied with the required auditing standards, that they are independent of the company they are auditing and that they are stating that the balances of the company (as presented in the accompanying financial statements) are free from material misstatements and are thus, reliable to the outside readers and users. The website, www.abrema.net, defined expectations gap in auditing as "the gap between the auditors' actual standard of performance and the various public expectations of auditors' performance (as opposed to their required standard of performance)". The same website enumerated the various expectations of the public. These expectations include (but are not limited to the following): (1) that the auditors should have "prime responsibility for the financial statements" that they audited; (2) that auditors 'certify' the financial statements; (3) that when auditors provide a clean opinion, this means that the financial figures are accurate and free from error; (4) that auditors "should give early warning about the possibility of business failure; and (5) that auditors are "supposed to detect fraud". Another definition, according to Stanley Martens, is that this gap is "the difference between (1) what the public and other financial statement users perceive auditors' responsibilities to be and (2) what auditors believe their responsibilities entail" (2001). Mr. Martens went on to state that this expectation gap has been in existence for several years (even decades) now and may have stemmed from previous "well-publicized hearings" in a previous fraud case. Still another definition from Marianne Ojo is that is the expectations gap is "the difference between what users of financial statements, the general public perceive an audit to be and what the audit profession claim is expected of them in conducting an audit" (2006). In fact, there is also a distinction between the expectations of the audit profession of an external audit and the perception of the external auditor. Thus, even within the accounting profession, such an expectation gap exists. Components of Expectation Gap Www.abrema.net further divides expectations gap into the "requirements gap", where there is a difference between the actual performance of the auditor and what is required by the "current standards of the society" and the "feasibility gap", is the difference between "society's required standard

Friday, October 18, 2019

MARKETING ACROSS CULTURES Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MARKETING ACROSS CULTURES - Assignment Example If one looks at the culture of the country then it is found that it is a mix of western and Hispanic cultures. Other advantage of the country lies in the fact that it is a stable democracy and the market offers size and diversity that should be very much appreciated. However it is very difficult to find a single distributor or agent that can cover the huge market. Mexico is one of the two largest markets in the Latin America and is a market that is characterised by high growth potential on one hand but a risky economic and political environment. It is also found that the legal system in Mexico is very different from that exists in UK and it is also found that the culture of the country is also very different. It is also found that the external environment of the company plays an important role in the company deciding on the marketing strategy. In order for the company to expand in the Mexican market it is important for the company to develop and try to maintain close relationship with the customers and partners of the business. It is found that the Mexicans in general prefer to receive direct communication in the form of direct telephone calls and face to face meetings. It is also found that the companies in Mexico are extremely conscious of the price and also tend to seek financing activities and also desire exclusive agreements. It is also found that the businesses value service and flexibility. For entry into the market the company can either use equity modes or non equity modes. Equity modes that the company can use to enter into the market will be in the form of Joint ventures, or wholly owned subsidiaries (Peng, Wang, Jiang, 2008). Non equity modes of entry that the company can use will be in the form of exporting to the country and contractual agreements (LÃ ©vesque and Shepherd, 2004). Each of the modes that are said above has unique advantages and disadvantages associated with it (Sakarya, Eckman and Hyllegard,

Paying for College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paying for College - Essay Example There are some people who believe that though college expenses is one of the largest disbursement in a person’s life span, it should be treated as an investment which will give better income, extended career prospects and higher personal contentment as returns throughout one’s life. However, this investment is only possible at a minimum cost therefore, it is necessary to reduce college expenditure. My goal, in this paper, is to establish the point that reduction of college expenditure is absolutely indispensable. To achieve this goal, I have put forward the various reasons for reducing college expenditure in five different sections. In the first section, I have discussed about the negative impact of the debt burden on the parents and students who take loans to pay for higher education because of which reducing cost of education becomes necessary. The second section tells us how this high cost is affecting parents of all classes in the society which makes minimization of higher education costs urgent. In the third section, I have thrown light upon the fact that the high cost of education has made it inaccessible to most of the undergraduates in U.S. which in turn, is creating a deficiency in the workforce of the country. I have ended the paper with the fourth section in which I have discussed how reduction of high costs of college education will make U.S. competitive in the global economy. I have concluded with the fifth section where I have uphold the point that reduction of college education cost is deemed necessary and discussed, in brief, the steps which colleges and the federal government should undertake to reduce the high cost of higher education. However, before discussing these five sections, I would like to put forward the statistical trends of the increase in cost of higher education in recent years. STATISTICAL TRENDS The tuition fees of colleges and universities have been increasing four times faster than the inflation rate (see Fig. 1 ). The cost of educating has soared 439% since 1982 for colleges. The average tuition and fees is around $20,000 annually at a public four year college and it is nearly $30,000- $35, 000 at a private college (Chaudhari). Moreover, it has been predicted that the cost will rise as high as $ 1, 25,000 for a public college and $ 2, 50,000 for a private college by 2015. On an average, families shell out $64 billion annually to send 13.9 million students to public colleges and universities (Immerwahr). According to Rampbell, on an average parents pay for around 37% of the total cost of attending colleges from their savings and income, around 10% of the cost is arranged through borrowing by parents and rest of the expenses are borne by the students themselves or by taking financial aids. Fig. 1 College Tuition and Fees vs. Overall Inflation Debt Burden. There have been recent debates on whether college education should be reduced or not. According to me, it should be reduced because studen ts who study with borrowed money have to face lot of difficulty in paying it back in the long term, though there are some fortunate ones who get grants and scholarships (Chaudhari). There is great concern over the amount of debt students have to take for higher education, though some people argue that financial aids are easily available and payable for students who are willing to

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Flannery OConner Biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Flannery OConner Biography - Essay Example Flannery’s life as a writer was very eventful and comprised of numerous literary works that earned her fame. Her 1952 novel, Wise Blood, established her as one of America’s budding writers. The New York Times positively reviewed Flannery’s novel and this paved the way for later success. Awards and fellowships supported her writing career. She received the Kenyon Review fellowship shortly after she published the Wise Blood. She went on to win the O. Henry Prize in 1955; this award was the first of three she received for her literary works. A Good Man is Hard to Find is the story that earned her the most fame. Although described as terrifying by her readers, the story depicts the creative genius of Flannery O’Conner. She continued to write stories based on characters that she described as â€Å"freaks and folks†. In 1959, she published her second novel The Violent Bear It Away inspired by the Bible. Christianity inspired all of her work and this novel but many of her readers contested this claim. The grotesque nature of her work disputed Christianity as her source of inspiration. Her writing is often compared to those of Carson McCullers, a fellow Southern Gothic writer She fervently refused this comparison because she had a different view of her work. O’Conner compared her work to Nathaniel Hawthorne due to their similarity in worldviews. Twice Told Tales by Hawthorne was among the work she admired the most. Her illness did not kill her passion for writing and in 1963, she was awarded her second O. Henry Prize.

Stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Stress - Essay Example Some people start fighting when they are stressed out as a reactionary measure, which is called fight and the third is left or flight, which means that the stressed out person tries to escape of flee from the problems. My condition when I am stressed out is like freeze as I really do not know what should I do and where should I go. I have many issues in life, which have made me introvert. I want to keep everything just to myself. When I consider myself helpless and emotionally devastated, I try to cry aloud in loud music so that others cannot hear me. I cry until I get awfully tired and after that, I feel somewhat relaxed and eased out. I also spend my troublesome time at the sea where I just sit and ponder over my problems and life as a whole. I try to let in the cool air so that the heat within me caused by my issues can get cold. In my stressed condition, I do a lot of shopping that is useless after which, I have to go back to return certain things. I am not the only one with issues, as when I sat with my group members, we all felt sad because of our own issues in our lives. I was really surprised when I saw a guy crying out of emotional outburst. I used to think that men could not cry, as men are perceived as really unacceptable when they cry. However, like women, men can also have many issues, which can bring tears to their eyes. That guy was really worried and disturbed due to which, he shared his problems with others. Everyone has his own issues and they are not the same. However, people have issues with their parents, siblings, friends, and so on, that can appear as somewhat similar. They can cry like children, as they perceive themselves helpless and unsupported, due to which, all that they can do is crying for their issues. I considered myself alone and secluded and with problems. However, when I see other people with problems too, I do not consider

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Flannery OConner Biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Flannery OConner Biography - Essay Example Flannery’s life as a writer was very eventful and comprised of numerous literary works that earned her fame. Her 1952 novel, Wise Blood, established her as one of America’s budding writers. The New York Times positively reviewed Flannery’s novel and this paved the way for later success. Awards and fellowships supported her writing career. She received the Kenyon Review fellowship shortly after she published the Wise Blood. She went on to win the O. Henry Prize in 1955; this award was the first of three she received for her literary works. A Good Man is Hard to Find is the story that earned her the most fame. Although described as terrifying by her readers, the story depicts the creative genius of Flannery O’Conner. She continued to write stories based on characters that she described as â€Å"freaks and folks†. In 1959, she published her second novel The Violent Bear It Away inspired by the Bible. Christianity inspired all of her work and this novel but many of her readers contested this claim. The grotesque nature of her work disputed Christianity as her source of inspiration. Her writing is often compared to those of Carson McCullers, a fellow Southern Gothic writer She fervently refused this comparison because she had a different view of her work. O’Conner compared her work to Nathaniel Hawthorne due to their similarity in worldviews. Twice Told Tales by Hawthorne was among the work she admired the most. Her illness did not kill her passion for writing and in 1963, she was awarded her second O. Henry Prize.

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Christian Scriptures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Christian Scriptures - Essay Example Watt points out that the gospels cannot be literally true and also completely accurate. On the other hand the perspective of E P Sanders was markedly different from that of Watt. As such Sanders takes a less critical stance with regard to Jesus Christ and his attitude towards scripture. Instead of representing Jesus Christ as a fundamentalist Sanders presents Jesus as an accomplished religious leader promising to guide people towards their own salvation. From Sanders' perspective Jesus Christ is argued to have been a highly important religious prophet who had performed miracles as well as claiming to be the Jewish Messiah. Sanders also believed that it always important to place the entire gospel accounts and stories concerning Jesus Christ into the most appropriate context. Basically the gospel writers as well as Jesus himself wanted certain messages passed on to their intended audiences. The opinions of Meier are certainly closer to those of Sanders than those of Watt. This is due to Meier also taking a much less critical stance concerning the mission, teachings, and the beliefs of Jesus Christ, as supposedly predicted within the Old Testament, and recorded in the gospels. Personally it would be best to assume that the gospel writers just like Jesus Christ had messages to get across to people. The gospels were written due to the fact that the people who had personally known Jesus Christ were dying out and the New Testament was needed to spread the teachings of the Early Church. The gospel writers wanted to persuade as many people as possible that Jesus Christ had been the Son of God and therefore needed to provide enough evidence of his status as the Messiah does. What do you think each of these three would write for example about the story of the transfiguration of Jesus (Mark, 9 2- 8) Watt would more than likely write that the story of the transfiguration of Jesus Christ was not literally true, and than the gospels should not therefore be automatically taken at face value. He would probably also contend that the message, which the story of the transfiguration of Jesus Christ was intended to convey was more important than whether or not it was actually or indeed literally a true life event. Watt would argue that the purpose of the story of the transfiguration of Jesus was to demonstrate that Jesus Christ was not only the Messiah he was also he resurrected Son of God. It is a fundamental part of mainstream Christian doctrine yet Watt might easily contend that the transfiguration of Jesus Christ did not actually take place. Sanders would probably have written that the story of the transfiguration of Jesus Christ was based upon the events that the disciples had believed to happen. Only Jesus and his most trusted disciples had gone up the hillside, with only the disciples coming back down. Sanders would probably mention that Jesus had grouped these disciples together in order to prove that he had indeed risen from the dead. There were therefore only a small number of witnesses that could describe how Jesus had descended up to heaven. All these witnesses also played significant roles in the development and the territorial expansion of the Christian religion. The eye - witness accounts strongly

Olympics Lottery Essay Example for Free

Olympics Lottery Essay The issue in which concerns the Active England programme is that the sale of national lottery tickets is gradually declining.  Research by Professor Ian Walker an Economist at the University of Warwick shows that lottery ticket sales are not influenced in anyway by the fact that the lottery supports good causes or the nature of those good causes. The dream of winning large sums of money is the only real driver of ticket sales. However, Professor Walkers research shows otherwise: The figure below shows the history of sales before, during (right in the middle of the graph) and after that controversy for the five main games. He says You dont need to be a trained statistician to see that the effects of rollovers in the lotto games and that there is a slight decline in sales for lotto over the period. So no support here that bad causes matter for sales. See graphs below:  Walker. I, 2004. Good Causes fail to Sell National Lottery Tickets [Online]. Available from: http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/NE1000000096306/. Accessed on 09.11.04  Olympics Lottery Fund and the 12% Lottery Duty  The Government were asked to state clearly how it will ensure that money currently raised for good causes, is not diverted to the Olympic bid, resulting in a reduction in the funding of voluntary and community organisations doing vital work throughout the UK. The 12% tax on every National Lottery ticket sold, worth à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½549 million per year or nearly à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 billion since 1994, should be split between good causes and lottery players instead of going to the Government.  I do not believe that the public want the lottery to be just another Government tax sparing only 28p from the sale of each Lotto ticket and scratch card for good causes. If the government are serious about reconnecting the lottery with the people then they should give half their annual à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½549 million tax cut to the good causes and half back to the players. Etherington. S, 2003. Olympics Lottery Fund and the 12% Lottery Duty [Online]. Available from: http://www.ncvo-vol.org.uk/asp/search/ncvo/main.aspx?siteID=1sID=8subSID=73documentID=2210. Accessed on 09.11.04  Measures taken by Sport England  Through this sudden decline in National Lottery sales, the above organisation have had to come up with strategic backup plans for alternate methods of funding and other ways of promoting their campaign and to make sure that they suddenly dont run out of money after promising bright and prosperous things to the nation. Sport England is possibly one of the National Lotterys largest good causes funding receiver and with the sales down by 2% from previous years, Sport England has to be careful with how they spend their money.  It is perhaps more difficult for voluntary and public sector clubs to receive funding through the thorough and detailed application process than before the cutbacks. The club must have a charter mark of high standard, a comprehensive code of conduct and practice for all parties involved and they must be able to prove that the money really will be able to change peoples lives. Whereas a number of years ago, it was rumoured that almost any club could receive funding if they wanted, and the nation saw money go to waste, which can no longer happen. With Sport England under fire by the media brought along a newly appointed chief executive, this created upset. Many peoples jobs were seen as not making enough contribution the cause and were subsequently axed.  Below is a shower of ideas in which Active England can consider to be successful in the future: Conclusion Throughout the portfolio, the key issues in which sport must adapt to have been identified.  With the National Lottery ticket sales slowly increasing again, funding for sports programmes should become readily available if suitably justified.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Prospect theory in decision making

Prospect theory in decision making Prospect theory is an important theory for decision-making between alternatives that involve risk. The theory departs from the traditional expected utility theory because it attempts to explain how people really make decisions between risky alternatives, which attempts to model optimal decisions. This vital difference leads to the prospect theory departing from the traditional framework in important ways. Unlike the traditional approach, it attempts to incorporate psychology into the consideration process to provide a behavioural approach to portfolio selection (Barberis, Nichola, Huang, Santos, 2001). During the course of this report, we will first look at how prospect theory differs from the traditional expected utility theory to gain a better understanding of the concept. Following this will be, a discussion of the key elements of prospect theory the value function including a small reference to endowment effect and the status quo bias, reflection and framing effect, isolation e ffect and probabilistic insurance. Towards the end, we will have a precise look at the applications of prospect theory equity premium puzzle and home bias. The traditional finance theory assumes that investors try to maximize expected utility of wealth when they are making decisions under uncertainty. However, many studies have shown that the underlying assumptions of the traditional theory do not accurately describe how people actually behave when choosing among risky alternatives. This inadequacy leads to the weak correlation between the utility theory model and real decisions. There are four key features [that] distinguish prospect theory from mean-variance theory, which is the traditional approach to modelling decision-making. First, according to the traditional theory people choose among alternatives based on how the outcomes will affect their overall wealth. However, according to prospect theory people evaluate outcomes in terms of gains and losses relative to a reference point. So decisions are based on how the outcome changes their income, in relation to their reference point. (Han Hsu, 2004). Second, the mean variance analysis makes the assumption that people are risk averse in all their choices. In contrast, prospect theory agents are risk-averse in the domain of gains but are risk seeking when all changes in income are framed as losses. The third feature of prospect theory is loss aversion. An individual is loss averse if she or he dislikes symmetric 50-50 bets and their degree of aversion increases with the absolute size of the stakes. In other words, prospect agents dont perceive gains and losses of equal amounts evenly. For example, the loss of a particular amount is more painful then the pleasure received from the gain of an equal amount. This is also known as the endowment affect. People place a higher value on a good that they own than goods that they do not, and are willing to accept a higher risk if it means that they can avoid the loss. Finally, in utility theory risk is treated objectively, by its probabilities. In contrast, the utility under prospect theory is not dependant on the original probability but rather on the transformed probability also known as decision weights. They do not just measure the perceived likelihood of an event. Instead, they measure how events will impact the desirability of prospects. (Han Hsu, 2004) This feature of the prospect theory helps explain a number of violations of expected utility theory, including the famous Allais paradox. People in prospect theory tend to overweight small probabilities. This overweighting explains why people buy lottery tickets offering a small chance of large gain, and insurance protecting against a small chance of a large loss (Kahneman Tversky, 1979). The four elements explained above and how risk is evaluated is usually explained by the value function. The concept of the value function is based on gains and losses from a reference point, as explained in the first element of prospect theory above. Value function stresses the importance of the reference point (starting point) although changes and movement are observed more compared to the resting point, due to the concept of gains and loss. The following is the prospect theory value function: à Ã¢â€š ¬= non-linear weighting function V(x-r) = the value function R= the reference point PT = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ à Ã¢â€š ¬ (pi) v(xi r) This function creates an S-shaped curve (Figure 1.1) Figure 1.1 The curve clearly highlights the reference point, from where onwards gains and losses can be observed. It displays that as your gain increases the desire for it decreases demonstrating that people are risk averse when it comes to gains. On the contrary, as the loss increases the fear for more loss increases hence showing that people are risk seeking regarding losses. These two factors are highlighted in the graph by the steepness of the relevant sides. As gains increase the steepness decreases (indirectly proportional) and as losses increase the steepness increases (directly proportional) (Maher, 2010). An example for this irrational behaviour is how a random sample would prefer to spend their $400. Gain Option A, where you will have a 100% chance of gaining $200 Option B, where you will have 50% chance of gaining $400 and a 50% chance of gaining $0 Loss Option A, where you will have 100% chance of losing $500 Option B, where you will have 50% chance of losing $1000 and 50% of losing $0 In this scenario the vast majority of people would choose option A for gain and option B for loss confirming that people weight their losses more compared to their gains. As they would settle for a rational gain (even if it is small) but when it comes to losses they would prefer risk seeking to limit their loss. The determination of utility relating to the gain or loss mirrors the concept of psychophysical principle concerning the evaluation of outcomes. This reflects loss aversion which then implicates two specific aspects. Firstly, the endowment effect i.e. people would be willing to demand a higher value on product that they themselves own rather than a similar product that they do not. The second implication is status quo bias, in this case people like things to stay relatively in the same position they are in so they remain at the status quo they are in. In this scenario any sort of change either good or bad is taken to be a disadvantage. Another key element of prospect theory is the reflection effect, which states that while investors are risk averse over prospects involving gains, they are risk seeking over prospects involving losses. This effect explains the observed preference for definite small gains over uncertain large gains and in opposition preference for uncertain large losses over small certain losses. A remarkable interpretation of the reflection effect is that, a replacement of all positive payoffs by their negatives (reflection around zero) reverses the choice patterns. For example, a choice between a 90% choice of getting 2000 and a 45% chance of getting 4000 would be replaced by a choice between a 90% chance of losing 2000 and a 45% chance of losing 4000. This effect implies a risk-averse preference for high probability of the relatively safe 3000 gain, but a reversed preference for the risky option in the loss domain. Reflected choice patterns reported by Kahneman and Tversky (1979) were fairly high, i.e. 86% of subjects chose the safe lottery (90% chance of 3000) in the gain domain but only 8% chose the safe lottery when all payoffs were transformed into losses. (Laury Holt, 2000).An important implication of this is the S shape of the value function in prospect theory that is concave for gains and convex for losses. It was also identified, that if the same decision problem was worded differently, the preferences of decision makers differed as well. This was referred to as the framing effect. Prospect theory implies a unique relationship of risk seeking to positive and negative framing- negatively framed problem encourage risk seeking. For example: When a group of investors were faced with the following two propositions: A gamble that offers a 10% chance of winning $95 and a 90% chance of losing $5 and another gamble B offering a 10% chance of winning $100 and a 90% chance of winning nothing. It was found that although the outcomes on both the gambles were the same, 74% of investors chose option B as paying $5(negative as compared to a loss) for the gamble than simply losing made the gamble more acceptable. Von Restorff created the concept of the isolation effect, a way to make something that conforms within a similar a group stand out like a sore thumb. An isolated item, in a list of otherwise similar items, is better remembered than an item in the same relative position in a list where all items are similar. This is a way of distracting attention from one event when the alternative holds exactly the same probability and can be of some help in explaining the prospect theory in decision making in relation to investments. Kahneman and Tversky (1979) used the example of a two-stage test to better explain the use of the isolation effect practically in a behavioral finance situation. Isolation effect is important to show the irrationality of investors in situations that would normally produce a rational effect. This typifies the psychology of an investor having their attention diverted away from using a mean variance analysis of a situation. The first step of the test is a .25 chance of progression to the second stage and a .75 chance of gaining nothing. The participant is asked to decide before the first stage whether, if successful, they would take 3000 or a 0.8 chance of taking 4000. It must be noted that in this game, the participant is choosing between 0.2 chance of 4000 or a 0.25 chance of 3000, the expected value of the former being greater (800 rather than 750). Of the 141 participants that Kahneman and Tversky (1979) tested, 78% chose the first option of the guaranteed 3000. The reasoning behind this is the greater appeal of the sequential certainty of the choice; most participants ignored the first stage of the experiment and just looked at the second test as a basis for their decision rather than weighing up the potential outcomes. The concept is a strong indicator to suggest against all investors being mean variance optimising, there is clear evidence that given the right circumstances people will ignore the obvious rational choice and accept a decision based on the higher valuation of certain prospects. This evidence of irrational preference conforms to the reflection theory where the certainty of a small gain is valued higher than a chance of a large gain. Using this psychological weakness in peoples logic the Von Restorff effect distracted attention from the overall probability and coerced the decision maker into accept a decision based on something that stood out. The rising popularity of insurance policies has been used by supporters of the utility function as strong evidence of the concavity of the utility curve for money. However Kahneman and Tversky (1979) demonstrated that not all insurance policies support this idea, basing their argument around the example of probabilistic insurance. Probabilistic insurance has also been used to highlight that decision weights tend to overweight small probabilities and large probabilities, but underweight moderate probabilities (Wakker, Thaler and Tversky, 1997). Standard insurance provides the purchasers with a zero percent chance of any loss after a given incident, however a probabilistic insurance policy leaves the purchasers open to a small possibility that they will not be fully reimbursed. Following is an example of standard versus probabilistic insurance. Suppose you want to insure iphone4 for the coming year, you can either insure your phone with Natwest bank for  £10 a month or with ABC insurance who offer to insure the phone ever other day throughout the year for  £4.50 per month. Most people would view the offer by ABC as unattractive and prefer to go with the deal offered by the bank of  £10 per month. In this situation the purchaser is underweighting the fifty percent chance of damage to the phone occurring on a day that he or she is covered by the ABC insurance policy. This example demonstrates that reducing the probability of a loss from p to p over 2, is less valuable than reducing the probability of a loss from p over 2 to zero (Tomas and Viilar, 2002). In contrast to the iphone4 insurance example given above, expected utility theory implies that probabilistic insurance is superior to regular insurance. This aversion towards probabilistic insurance is noteworthy because the most avid purchaser of insurance is still subjected to some level of risk. For example, most household contents insurance policies are void if the purchaser forgets to lock their front door. This type of insurance represents many types of protective action, where the user pays a certain cost to reduce the probability of an undesirable event. For example, the purchase of a steering wheels lock or a carbon monoxide detector (Kahneman Tversky, 1979). Applications of Prospect theory The underlying principles behind Prospect theory have been used on a number of occasions to explain a range of financial anomalies. The real world aspect of the model means it offers genuine explanations for some of the most prominent puzzles such as the Equity Premium Puzzle and Home Bias. Equity Premium Puzzle The equity premium puzzle refers to the empirical fact that stocks have outperformed bonds over the last century by a surprisingly large margin. Since 1926, the annual return on stocks has been around 7% while the return on bonds has been around 1% so, $1 invested in the SP 500 on January 1, 1926 was worth $1100 by the end of 1995, while $1 invested in T-bills was worth $12.87. In 1985, Mehra and Prescott noted that under the assumptions of Expected Utility Theory, these abnormally high and low returns are difficult to explain. In 1995, Banartzi and Thaler offered an explanation to the puzzle based on key features of Prospect Theory. They claimed that the puzzle is caused mainly by two factors derived from the Prospect theory; loss aversion (investors being more sensitive to losses than gain) and a short evaluation period (investors checking their portfolio too often). This combination they termed Myopic Loss Aversion. They argue that the attractiveness, and therefore value of a stoc k depends on the time horizon of the investor and frequency of evaluation. The more frequently somebody evaluates their portfolio, the more likely they see their losses and suffer from loss aversion. Putting this application into more contexts, a risky asset paying 7% per year with a standard deviation on 20%, like the average stock, has a probability of loss or gain of around 50%. For a loss averse investor who evaluates frequently, the stock market appears very risky. Considering this, an investor who is prepared to wait a long time between evaluating will find stocks much more appealing as there is an increased chance of them closing their position with a positive return. In turn, long-term investors will be willing to pay more for an identical stock than a short term, frequently evaluating investor. Prospect theory has other various applications associated with it apart from the above mentioned equity premium puzzle. The Home bias phenomenon is another such example. This phenomenon contradicts the mean variance framework, which elucidates the benefits of international diversification helping in the minimization of risk of a given securitys expected return. Home bias states that investors hold more domestic stocks and few foreign stocks than the optimal amounts actually predicted by the mean variance optimization (French and Poterba, 1991). Prospect theory explains this tendency of investors to choose domestic stocks. It says that one of the reasons for this could be a greater familiarity of investors with domestic assets and lower downside risk. This compels investors who may think globally to act locally (Campbell and Kraussl, 2006). Consider a foreign stock and a domestic stock with identical distribution payoffs. Since the foreign stock seem less familiar than the domestic on e, investors may perceive it as having higher variance of payoff leading to low allocation to the foreign stock. However a direct implication of this is derived from the portfolio choice theory that home bias would decline as investors became more familiar with foreign stocks ( (Han Hsu, 2004). Thus, while the prospect theory can explain this behaviour of investors to concentrate risks on single assets rather than to hold a well diversified portfolio, it fails to explain why the single asset chosen by investors are domestic ones. In addition, the argument posed by Stracca (2002) says that if prospect theory is an accurate description of human attitude towards risk, the benefits of international diversification would be reduced to a significant extent. Conclusion We have looked over the principal elements behind the prospect theory proposed by Kahneman and Tversky in 1979. Prospect Theory is an alternative descriptive model of decision making under uncertainty, which incorporates real life choices and psychological analysis. Firstly, within prospect theory investors evaluate their outcomes in accordance with a reference point and make decisions based on how the outcome changes their wealth in relation to this unique reference. Within the expected utility theory, this relative level of wealth is not accounted for. Another key assumption behind prospect theory is the risk averse and seeking behaviour of investors under different circumstances. Investors are risk seeking in terms of losses and risk averse when it comes to profits. The assumptions of an endowment effect and decision weights are also included within the theory, where people place a higher value on a good that they already own and, in contrast to expected utility theory, risk is in corporated not by the original probability but by transformed decision weights. The S-shaped value function curve for prospect theory show this risk seeking and averse behaviour in investors, a reflection effect. The idea of framing is also a key element of prospect theory, where if the same decision problem is described in different words, it can lead to different preferences. Within the theory also is an isolation effect, where devices are used to draw additional attention to something that would otherwise conform, and probabilistic insurance, where decision weights tend to overweight small and large probabilities, but underweight moderate probabilities. The real world assumptions behind prospect theory have been used to explain a number of financial anomalies. We finally looked into prospect theorys applications to the equity premium puzzle and home bias which offer explanations to these anomalies.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

The Grapes of Wrath - The True American Spirit Essay -- The Grapes of W

The True American Spirit of The Grapes of Wrath    John Steinbeck's novel, The Grapes of Wrath is an excellent portrayal of the common and true Americans. While it is of course a book of deep thought and incredible symbolism, most of all The Grapes of Wrath gives these common American workers a voice and a distinct identity, and doesn't just turn them into a stereotype or cliche.       Steinbeck's book could be regarded as one of the best books from America and perhaps the best on the subject of the Great Depression. It doesn't focus on the stock market crashing or from the upper class perspective at all; instead it shows the effects of it on the common man. And, like all great fictional stories set in historical events, it uses the situation just as the basic story structure and it's not until a certain point that the true theme is revealed. In this case the setting is during the Great Depression but (and I don't want to sound too hokey) the theme is of course about the struggle of life, the ever endearing human spirit, and the hope of better opportunities.       One of my reasons for my choosing The Grapes of Wrath (besides the obviousness of the characters being the heart of America) for my American Patriotic write-off is because even though the characters already live in America they begin to dream of a new land of opportunity and it takes them onto a journey to rediscover the country. Like the recent tragic American situation, the Great Depression is a milestone event in our history and was a period of time that tested our country's strength. We triumphed over that obstacle and it only made us stronger, which we are undoubtedly doing with our current situation.       Most of us know the ... ...works for the banks, comes with a bulldozer to tear down his old family friends home, right in front of their eyes. I know, it sounds depressing but hey there are some comedic moments and let's remember the story is about the Great Depression.       And so... The Grapes of Wrath is probably the best book written on the subject of the Great Depression of America. It was a depressing time full of fear for the future as it is now with the attacks. We will hopefully be able to look back on these days as another part of history that only kept us stronger, like we do with the Great Depression. But even in these harsh times there's no need to be scared all of the time, because you can look at the Joads and even while wallowing in the poorest and most depressing situations they were still able to have a good time dancing at the hoe-down. True American spirit.   

Saturday, October 12, 2019

St. John’s Wort :: Depression Medicine Medical Plant Papers

St. John’s Wort What is St. John’s Wort? St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum) is a small plant with bright yellow flowers. Wort is an old English term that means plant. The red spots on the leaves of the plant are symbolic of the blood of St. John after his beheading. The plant is grown worldwide but it grows especially well in parts of Northern California and Southern Oregon (http://www.doctormurray.com/articles/worteditorial.htm). St. John’s Wort has not been well known in the United States until recently. Studies on the medicine have been going on for decades in Europe. German doctors have been prescribing it and the insurance companies have been paying for it. It is available in many health shops in the United States and all across Europe but recently it has been selling out because of its increased popularity. In the United States, manufacturers can’t advertise it as a treatment for depression and doctors can’t prescribe it because the FDA (Federal Drug Administration) won’t allow it. It has to be advertised as a contribution to emotional balance and positive outlook or promoting a sense of balance for people with mild depression, not severe or major depression. St. John’s Wort comes in one of three forms: liquid, capsule, and dried form. (http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/psychology/health_psychologyStJohn.htm) What is the purpose of St. John’s Wort? St. John’s Wort use for depression, insomnia, and anxiety inspired a group of German doctors in the 1980’s to do research on the herb. The findings of their studies brought the group fame in the late 1990’s. A number of studies indicate that St. John’s is an effective treatment for treating mild-to-moderate depression (http://www.mothernature.com/cg/stjohns.asp). St. John’s is quickly becoming the most popular herbal drug in the United States. German physicians prescribed a total of 66 million daily doses in 1994. These German physicians now prescribe St. John’s wort an average of 8 times more than Prozac. These doctors claim that St. John’s wort produces better results in relieving depression, but the medicine does not have near the amount of side effects as Prozac (http://www.doctormurray.com/articles/worteditorial.htm). How does St. John’s Wort work? Originally, scientists thought that the reason St. John’s worked as an antidepressant was due to a substance called hypericin.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Far from the madding crowd Essay

In ‘Far From the Madding Crowd’, Thomas Hardy examines different types of love. Consider the relationships Bathsheba has with Gabriel, Boldwood and Troy; consider also Troy’s relationship with Fanny Robin. What conclusions does Thomas Hardy wish us to draw about the nature of love? Support the points you make with close reference to the text. You must also mention the social context of the novel and any relevant literary tradition. Bathsheba is a very vain woman who likes to think very highly of herself, in the first appearance she makes in the novel, she is admiring herself in the mirror. The last word in Chapter 1 is ‘vanity’. Hardy has established some of the features of two of the main characters and made us curious about this development of the relationship between Oak and this vain but handsome girl. Bathsheba was not a conventional woman of her time. She was an unusual for a woman of her time because she was very independent. She also refused her first offer of marriage although penniless and living with her aunt. Women at this time relied heavily on marriage. Women at that time often also married for security. Bathsheba is quite teasing with men, for example, when Gabriel Oak holds her hand, she suggests: â€Å"But I suppose you are thinking you would like to kiss it? You may if you want to. † But when Gabriel says, â€Å"I will. † She instantly says, â€Å"No you wont! † This shows that she is teasing, and she can get some men crazy about her. Her relationship with Gabriel has its ups and downs. Gabriel cares for Bathsheba so much but as the novel goes on, Gabriel realizes that there is no chance that he will marry Bathsheba because two other obstructions are in the way, the similarly vain Sergeant Troy and Mr. Boldwood. Bathsheba’s relationship with Mr. Boldwood is very awkward because, she only sent the valentine letter as a prank. It all started off when Liddy and Bathsheba were writing a Valentine letter to ‘little Teddy Coggan’. But Liddy suggests, â€Å"What fun it would be to send it to the stupid old Boldwood, and how he would wonder! † Bathsheba does not agree to the idea at first and says, â€Å"No, I won’t do that. He wouldn’t see any humour in it. † She was right. But Boldwood takes it so seriously and becomes absolutely obsessed with her, â€Å"My life is a burden without you, I want you – I want you to let me say I love you again and again! † When Bathsheba tells him the truth about the Valentines card, Boldwood does not want to and cannot accept the fact that it was a joke and a prank: â€Å"No, no, no. Don’t say thoughtlessness! Make me think it was something more – that it was a sort of prophetic instinct – the beginning of a feeling that you would like me. † Then Troy comes into the novel. During that period of time, there were strict rules governing the etiquette of behaviour about men and women being alone together and they certainly would not publicly touch each other or their clothes. This makes their meeting highly irregular. Bathsheba would be particularly vulnerable in this situation. Troy is similarly vain and teasing like Bathsheba, this enchants her, â€Å"Thank you for the sight of such a beautiful face! † He also often repeats the word, â€Å"Beauty† aimed obviously at Bathsheba. When they depart after their first ‘encounter’, she is very happy and feels flattered. She looks in the mirror (as usual) and repeats Troy’s words, â€Å"Goodnight †¦ beauty! † Bathsheba is aware of her beauty, and she feels that if some handsome man in uniform compliments her on her looks, then that is very rewarding for her and it boosts her self-confidence. Also, Troy’s showmanship with his sword swept Bathsheba off her feet. Also, because Bathsheba would have been very nai ve and inexperienced in the ways of love, she found it very hard to resist Troy. Bathsheba and Troy’s relationship, was more of a sexual love than a real love: â€Å"She felt powerless to withstand or deny him. He was altogether too much for her. † Another sign of Bathsheba’s vanity was that, she only married Troy because he had said he saw a more beautiful woman. So, Bathsheba went all the way to Bath just for Troy. But later on in the novel, Troy does not show that same feelings as when they first met. Instead, Troy becomes more involved into Fanny Robin and regrets ever turning her down. The type of love Fanny Robin loves Troy with all her heart; she even walks miles just for him. Many young women in the Victorian times would have eloped to marry soldiers. This was called ‘Scarlet fever’. This would be a disgrace to the girl and her family. Hardy’s aunt Martha was said to have eloped with a soldier When she asks Troy when they will be wed, Troy does not even understand what she is talking about. Fanny asks, â€Å"When will it be? † Troy then asks â€Å"What? † Then Fanny tries to remind Troy, â€Å"That you promised. † Troy again, forgetful, â€Å"I don’t quite recollect† Then Fanny desperately says, â€Å"O you do! Don’t speak like that. It weighs me to the earth. It makes me say what ought to be said first by you. † Fanny wants to get desperately married, but Troy wants her mainly for sex and for more of a ‘casual’ relationship. Troy gets very angry and upset when he sees the coffin with Fanny Robin and the baby in it. Tragically, Fanny died of childbirth. The baby was still born. Many deaths occurred due to lack of technology including childbirth. He completely forgets about what he had with Bathsheba and thinks of what he could have had with Fanny. Troy’s reaction to her death and his disregard for Bathsheba shows he is the type of man who only wants what he cannot have. When Fanny was alive, Troy showed little interest in her predicament. I think that the message Thomas Hardy is trying to get out is that love can only be true, not just for jokes and pranks (the valentines letter. ) Love also has to have two people involved not like Fanny Robin and Troy at the start of the novel. In conclusion, Hardy ended the novel happily, because he knew that is what the readers wanted to read. The story was printed into a monthly magazine and for a Victorian readership; a happy end involved a marriage. Bathsheba was first attracted by Troy’s good looks and superficial charm and preferred these qualities to the more traditional ones of security and love offered by Oak and Boldwood. But when Fanny dies, Bathsheba finally realizes that Troy’s is actually a womanizer and he is disloyal. Hardy, himself did not rate marriage very highly as he had an unhappy marriage. So by the end of the novel, Bathsheba becomes more sensitive to others and realizes that she should have accepted Oak’s initial proposal, rather than Troy’s, and that she would have been much happier with Oak.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Healthcare Analysis Essay

1. Differentiate among the terms strategic management,strategic thinking, strategic planning, and managing strategic momentum. Which of these activities is most important in a healthcare organization and why? ANS: Strategic management consists of the analysis, decisions, and actions an organization undertakes in order to create and sustain competitive advantages. strategic management is concerned with the analysis of strategic goals (vision, mission, and strategic objectives) along with the analysis of the internal and external environment of the organization. Next, leaders must make strategic decisions. These decisions, broadly speaking, address two basic questions: What industries should we compete in?How should we compete in those industries? These questions also often involve an organization’s domestic as well as its international operations. And last are the actions that must be taken. Decisions are of little use, of course, unless they are acted on. Firms must take the necessary actions to implement their strategies. This requires leaders to allocate the necessary resources. Strategic thinking is considered a key thought process of strategic management framework; is defined as the generation and application of unique business insights and opportunities, to create competitive advantage for a firm or organisation. It can be done individually, as well as collaboratively among key people who can positively alter an organisation’s future. Group strategic thinking create more value by enabling a proactive and creative dialogue, where we gain other people’s perspectives on critical and complex issues which is an important benefit in today’s highly competitive and fast-changing business landscape. Strategic planning is an organization’s process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy. In order to determine the direction of the organization, it is necessary to understand its current position and the possible avenues through which it can pursue a particular course of action. Generally, strategic planning deals with several key questions like 1 â€Å"What do we do?† 2 â€Å"For whom do we do it?† 3 â€Å"How do we excel?† Strategic momentum is the tendency to maintain or expand the emphasis and direction of prior strategic actions in current strategic behaviour. The most important role as leader of an organization is strategy. The best way to sustain the momentum is by following the guidelines of the Essentials for Successfully Implementing the Strategic Plan and to continue to deploy the small group of people who share the vision and are engaged in helping you implement it. According to me strategic management is the most important activity in a healthcare organization, because a well-formulated strategy can bring various benefits to the organization in present as well as in future. 1 Strategic management takes into account the future and anticipates for it. 2 A strategy is made on rational and logical manner, thus its efficiency and its success are ensured. 3 Strategic management reduces frustration because it has been planned in such a way that it follows a procedure. 4 It brings growth in the organization because it seeks opportunities. 5 With strategic management organizations can avoid helter & skelter and they can work directionally. 6 Strategic management also adds to the reputation of the organization because of consistency that results from organizations success. 7 Often organizations draw to a close because of lack of proper strategy to run it. With strategic management organizations can foresee the events in future and that’s why they can remain stable in the market. 8 Strategic management looks at the threats present in the external environment and thus organizations can either work to get rid of them or else neutralizes the threats in such a way that they become an opportunity for their success. 9 Strategic management focuses on proactive approach which enables organization to grasp every opportunity that is available in the market .2. List, describe, differentiate, and provide examples of the different levels of strategic management. ANS: 1 Corporate level 2 Divisional level 3 Organizational level 4 Unit level Corporate level strategies addresses questions like,†what business should we be in†¦.?† For example if we take Trinity, what business should we do..? Health care, including hospitals, long term care units, hospices etc. The other question would be what other options should Trinity consider like mental health centers. Divisional level strategies are more focused and provide direction for a single business type. For Example Trinity Health, strategies must be developed for separately for hospital division, out patient units, hospice care etc†¦.. how many hospitals are optional .. or what markets are available for new chain of hospitals†¦. Organizational level Strategies includes strategies made at an individual organizational level like each hospital in Trinity’s hospital division may develop their own strategies depending upon the present market conditions. Unit level Strategies support organizational strategies through accomplishing various objectives. Unit operational strategies may be developed within departments of an organizations like a hospital with different units, example Medicine department, Surgery unit or paediatric unit etc

Wednesday, October 9, 2019

Idea of rebellion against the Martin Luther King Essay

Idea of rebellion against the Martin Luther King - Essay Example Getting to understand the issues that the clergymen were raising, one is left with more questions than answers. From my point of view, I saw these as more of political fanatics. The point that Luther was raising was clear and straightforward, while the counteraccusations holding no firm ground. I realized that in life, even the very people that one is fighting for could fight you back. The eight Clergymen based in Alabama did not quite understand the motivation behind Luther or they were ignorant, because racial discrimination affected them too. I learnt a lot about the historical perspective of democracy and the hard path of attaining a racially equal society. Such knowledge is very important for the future generations to understand where our country has come from. Question 2 The world is a dangerous place characterized by disasters and destructive activities. Disasters have denied generations’ access to vital information that could have otherwise helped build on the existing knowledge. Humans are both destructive and constructive; humans through wars, and fires and other human activities have done a majority of the destruction of knowledge resources. These activities are either accidental or sometimes intentional while others are part of the global destruction of a given area. In addition, natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and floods among others have contributed to knowledge loss. Knowledge is lost when libraries are destroyed, important information bearing sites are destroyed or an ongoing research is terminated without trace. Historical information suggests destruction of very many resources as a result of human made activities. Wars are the major contributor of all the destruction of knowledge resources; they sometimes result to other destructors such as fires and looting. The history of library destruction dates back at around 206 AD as a result of a war in China. The result was the destruction of the Epang Palace and S tate Archives, leading to destruction of volumes of resources as well as death of many scholars. Other landmark destructions include the destruction of the Library of the Alexandria, one of the respected and highly used libraries by the early scholars especially because of the many volumes of books and scrolls available. The library was strategic, being one of the early centres of civilization and having a close proximity with Greece, Rome and the Mesopotamia provided an ideal ground for study and knowledge development. The destruction of the library was consecutive leading to the shift of the knowledge base in Egypt to be at the Library of Serapeum that was also later destroyed. These incidences resulted into loss of much knowledge that had been stored therein. Books, periodicals, publications, journals, on going research proposals, tablets, and artistic knowledge bearing pieces of work among others have been destroyed. Destruction of the Nalanda centre in India saw the decline of Buddhism because all the important knowledge was lost. In England, the Glassney College Library was destroyed resulting to loss of some good amount of books. After America gained independence, its Congress Library was destroyed in 1812 after the invasion by the British Army troops who captured the city of Washington and burnt it, in the process many books were destroyed and other materials that were being used by the Congress for their study and research. The Civil War had a great impact on the institutional libraries in the city of Washington where books were burnt, looted and physically destroyed. In addition, the war destroyed the University of Alabama Library. Outside United States, the Public Records Office in Ireland was put into flames, the Japanese troops destroyed various libraries in China, and

Tuesday, October 8, 2019

Power Relations and the Reporting of International News Essay

Power Relations and the Reporting of International News - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that globalization has brought huge changes in this world. Virtually, there are no life segments in which globalization failed to make an impact. In politics, economics, education, business as well as in social and cultural activities, globalization has brought huge changes. Journalism or reporting of international news is another area in which globalization was able to bring significant changes. It should be noted that the power relations have been changed drastically after the collapse of former the Soviet Union. Earlier, America and the Soviet Union were the undisputed superpowers in this world and the majority of the other countries were keen on establishing the political relationship with these countries. It should be noted that majority of the communist countries took aside of the Soviet Union whereas a majority of the capitalist countries joined hands with America during the cold war period. As a result of that, the media in differen t countries started to make and report news wither in favor of America or in favor of Soviet Union, based on the political relationship of their mother country with the superpowers. In other words, neutrality in the reporting of international news has been severely damaged during the cold war period. At the same time, the destruction of Soviet Union, as well as the introduction of globalization, has changed the reporting of international news drastically. America became the undisputed leader in global politics after the destruction of Soviet Union, even though China is rapidly becoming the second superpower in the world. Moreover, â€Å"the forces of  resurgent market liberalism, the decline of public service broadcasting, the global collapse of dictatorships and the outbreak of the so-called ‘catching up’ or ‘velvet’ revolutions of 1989-1991† have contributed heavily to the changes in the global reporting styles. In short, the rapid changes in the global political and economic spectra have contributed heavily to the changes in the reporting of international events.